opposition
Modern linguistics tends to drift from binary oppositions towards
constructing more complicated models, accounting situations of intercultural
transfer, cross discourse and cross language interference. Taking into consideration
new objects, such as poetry in “dormant” languages (in our research – Hebrew
poetry, III–XIX cent. AD) causes to reconceive the common opposition
“oral – written”. A “dormant” we call a language which is not used for spontaneous
oral communication, but is widely employed for creating new written
texts and for transmitting old texts, primarily oral ones.
Meaning of the parameter “oral” regarding to poetry in an unspoken language
is different from that in a spoken one. In the latter, as oral texts are usually
regarded non-written ones, resulting from spontaneous communication,
whereas for an unspoken language spontaneous communication is not typical. Nevertheless, reading in “dormant” languages was more oral technically (texts
were usually uttered).
“Dormant” language has no oral poetry in its tradition form. Poetry
in “dormant” languages can often be voiced, but it never has features of oral
poetry (formulas, compulsory instability and variability, illiterate addressees).
Nevertheless, some traits of oral functioning of poetry in “dormant” languages
can be detected. For one thing, these are remnants of the author’s voicing
the texts, his / her inner dictation (rhythmic deviations, caused by cross language
interference, first of all by influence of local vernacular languages). For
the other thing, these are evidences for poetic recitals. Foremost, religious poetry
was recited, and its reception required double encoding and decoding of the
message (processing a voiced text into imagined written signs and back).
The extent to which the poetic discourse in the “dormant” language is oral
depends also on the language and cultural situation in the society, and on the
extent to which the poetry in the local language enjoying a high status is oral.
We regard the opposition of “oral-written” as a ternary one (written – voiced –
oral). In case of an alive spoken language in all these three spheres one language
is used, whereas an unspoken functions in complementary distribution with an
alive vernacular language: a “dormant” language is employed in the realms
of “written” and “voiced”, when a vernacular one – in the realm of “oral”.
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