About Poetic Metaphors of the Saussure’s triad langue, langage and
parole

The author considers (on the material of Russian poetry of the
XVIII–XX centuries) the use of metadiscursive lexical items silence, murmur,
talk, symbolizing langue, langage and parole of poetic practice. Silence
is synonymous with poetry itself, with its deep level at which a word is represented
as an acoustic image, an abstraction from the superficial diverse sound,
i.e. langue. With the silence is correlated the inner speech and «conversation
without words». The author comes to the conclusion that poetic silence incorporates
models of speech acts, and therefore imply the potential deployment of
language in speech. Special attention is paid to a murmur, corresponding to
langage, since the murmur is intermediate between silence and articulated
speaking. Voice and talk are associated with parole, poetic voices embody
speech acts of specific actors. If to the silence are associated primarily classes of
subjects (all of nature and the earth and terrestrial space – the steppe, fields and
woods, gardens, ocean, earth and air, water, heaven), the voice and the talk
(along with nature as such) endowed with specific «subjects». Have them the
forest, branches of trees and shrubs, plants, birds (Oriole, Blackbird, Cuckoo,
Blue tit, Nightingale, Cock), animals, insects. Voices of the land, stones, deserts,
sea, bay, rivers, streams, air, wind, storms, thunder, moon, and planets are
also presented. Many voices stands out in the religious and mystical field, as
well as the voices of time and history. In the personal world, the voices of
memory, of reason, conscience, hope, love, friendship, betrayal, anxiety, grief,
misery, suffering (primarily as manifestations of inner speech) sound. The same
structure has the murmur. That makes sense: as speech (parole), and speech (or
oral) activity (language), with which correspond the significant lexemes voice,
talk and murmur, differ, by F. de Saussure, an individual and each time a new
use of language, an individual using of a language code in the verbal combinations
creation. The study was performed on the material of poetry subcorpus of
the Russian National corpus. Its statistical service offers the interesting data: in
the poetry subcorpus murmur is more common than talk and silence, poets pay
more attention to the transition from a zero to the communication, tracing each
step. At the same time as in the main corpus, and in his poetry subcorpus the
verb to speak has the highest frequency and refers both to language and to speech activity and speech, and potentially to the silence (we can speak without
words) and whisper (we can talk in a whisper, soundless, silently, etc.).