Saussure in his «Course in General Linguistics» stated the notion
of semiology, singled out properties of language sign, defined language as
«thought, organized in sounding substance», divided linguistics of language and
linguistics of speech, considered the connection of language and time. Saussure
also stated that semiology «is a science studying life of signs in the framework
of society life». His scholarly providence was proved in semiological projects
of Hjelmslev and Eco, in brilliant investigations of separate semiological systems
in French and Moscow-Tartu semiotic schools. Saussure admitted possible
use of gestures and «visible images» as a signifying language sign, but he
speculated that the choice of organs of speech «is imposed on us by nature».
Refraction of Saussure ideas in scholarly practice of XX–XXI cent., i. e., semiotics
flowering, stating sound nature of language sign in theories of language
origin (M. Tomasello), postulate of indissolubility of brain and human physical
organization in cognitive paradigm (G. Lakoff), realized project of linguistics of
speech (B. M. Gasparov), treating synchronic heterogeneity of language in the
aspect of language existence through time (E. Coseriu, V. M. Zhivov), notion of
Time in M. Heidegger philosophy are treated in the article. M. Tomasello traced
unique capacities of human voice skills, studying communication of primates.
These capacities enable the development of conventional communication. Connection
of language and thought became the leading question of cognitivism
(N. Chomsky, G. Lakoff). Linguistics of speech, as opposed by Saussure to linguistics
of language, found its modern embodiment in linguistics of language
existence by B. M. Gasparov. Problem of «Language and Time», that was the
object of really thorough investigation by Saussure, may get a new decision
when addressing to philosophical notion of Time by M. Heidegger.
Arutjunova N. D. Jazyk i mir cheloveka (Language and Human World). M.:
Jazyki russkoj kul'tury, 1998. 826 p.
Bodeker H. E. Razmyshlenija o metode istorii ponjatij (Thoughts on Method
of History of Notions). Transl. from German // Istorija ponjatij, istorija diskursa, istorija metaphor (History of Notions, history of discourse, history of metaphor) / Ed. by. H. E. Bodeker. M.: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2010.
328 p.
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English. M.: Komkniga, 2005. 288 p.
Chomsky N. Jazyk i myshlenie (Language and Mind). Transl. by
B. Ju. Gorodeckij. M.: Izdatel'stvo Moskovskogo universiteta, 1972. 123 p.
Eco U. Otsutstvujushhaja struktura. Vvedenie v semiologiju (Lost Structure.
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Simpozium, 2006. 544 p.
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literaturnoe obozrenie, 1995. 252 p.
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and Speeches). Transl. from German. M.: Respublika, 1993. 447 p.
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