Article

Name: Ferdinand de Saussure and the World Linguistics (to the 100th Anniversary of the First Publication of «Course of General Linguistics»)

Authors: V. M. Alpatov

Abstract: F. de Saussure is considered the founder of the structuralism. On the other hand some scholars expressed ideas that were similar to structural ones before de Saussure; first of all we can mention N. Kruszewski and J. Baudouin de Courtenay; A. Séchehaye, a pupil of Saussure published some similar ideas in 1908. However the conception of Saussure was the clearest and the simplest, it determined the strict borders of linguistic branches: linguists investigate language but not speech, synchronic linguistics but not diachronic one and so on. It was useful for some time: such restrictions gave opportunities to concentrate on the detailed study of a restricted sphere of phenomena. The structural period was undoubtedly important in the history of the world linguistics. There were significant differences between the old and new paradigms, the new paradigm gave the main consideration of synchronous studies and not of history of languages but it was not the only difference. F. de Saussure did not only enlarge the borders of the primary tasks of linguistics but narrowed them. He divided the spheres of language and speech, separated the internal linguistics from the external one and concentrated all the attention on the internal linguistics of language. He ignored problems of the connections of language with thought and culture. He fixed the new borders of linguistics that appeared to be too rigid. Some linguists (V. N. Voloshinov, V. I. Abaev and others) criticized the ideas of the structural linguistics but the new stage of the development of linguistics began from 1957 when N. Chomsky criticized F. de Saussure’s very strictly. However the modern linguistics does not come to the generative one. The functional (cognitive and communicative) linguistics considers the descriptive approach to language inadequate and searches ways to building of the explanatory linguistics. It does not restrict its object and includes all phenomena connected with the processes of speech and audition in its sphere of research. The linguists of this type suppose that the adequate linguistic model must explain the real organization of language including the processes in the brain. Many linguistic branches are developed nowadays: neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, pragmatics, discourse linguistics, linguisticcultural studies and so on. All these branches exceed the borders established by F. de Saussure. The means of linguistics increased. The main fields of the structural studies were phonology and morphology but syntax, typology and especially semantics were not developed but nowadays linguistics got the resources to develop them too.

Keywords: Saussure, Baudouin, Séchehaye, langue, parole, synchronous linguistics, diachronous linguistics, internal linguistics, external linguistics, structuralism, functionalism, cognitive linguistics, communicative linguistics

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